home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
Unknown | 1992-06-06 | 358.5 KB |
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MacOS 8.1
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Win98
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DOS
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Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
---|
66%
| dexvert
| OS/2 Installation Package (archive/os2InstallPackage)
| ext
| Supported |
1%
| dexvert
| BeOS Installation Package (archive/beOSInstallPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
1%
| dexvert
| Newton Package (archive/newtonPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
1%
| dexvert
| Independence War 2 mod Package (other/independenceWar2ModPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
100%
| file
| data
| default
|
|
hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 1a 44 50 31 2e 31 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 05 64 00 |.DP1.1..|......d.|
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|00000550| 05 00 8e 0d 00 00 39 36 | 00 00 00 01 5f 6a 05 00 |......96|...._j..|
|00000560| 62 0a 00 00 39 37 00 00 | 00 01 c1 74 05 00 19 0c |b...97..|...t....|
|00000570| 00 00 39 38 00 00 00 01 | da 80 05 00 80 0d 00 00 |..98....|........|
|00000580| 39 39 00 00 00 01 5a 8e | 05 00 8e 0b 00 00 00 00 |99....Z.|........|
|00000590| 00 00 00 00 e8 99 05 00 | 00 00 00 00 24 55 6e 69 |........|....$Uni|
|000005a0| 71 75 65 5f 49 44 7b 59 | 52 42 30 37 38 30 30 7d |que_ID{Y|RB07800}|
|000005b0| 0d 0a 24 54 69 74 6c 65 | 7b 50 6f 73 69 74 72 6f |..$Title|{Positro|
|000005c0| 6e 20 45 6d 69 73 73 69 | 6f 6e 20 54 6f 6d 6f 67 |n Emissi|on Tomog|
|000005d0| 72 61 70 68 69 63 20 53 | 74 75 64 69 65 73 20 6f |raphic S|tudies o|
|000005e0| 66 20 74 68 65 20 43 6f | 72 74 69 63 61 6c 20 41 |f the Co|rtical A|
|000005f0| 6e 61 74 6f 6d 79 20 6f | 66 20 53 69 6e 67 6c 65 |natomy o|f Single|
|00000600| 2d 57 6f 72 64 20 50 72 | 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 |-Word Pr|ocessing|
|00000610| 7d 0d 0a 24 41 75 74 68 | 6f 72 7b 0d 0a 50 65 74 |}..$Auth|or{..Pet|
|00000620| 65 72 73 65 6e 2c 20 53 | 45 0d 0a 46 6f 78 2c 20 |ersen, S|E..Fox, |
|00000630| 50 54 0d 0a 50 6f 73 6e | 65 72 2c 20 4d 49 0d 0a |PT..Posn|er, MI..|
|00000640| 4d 69 6e 74 75 6e 2c 20 | 4d 0d 0a 52 61 69 63 68 |Mintun, |M..Raich|
|00000650| 6c 65 2c 20 4d 45 7d 0d | 0a 24 41 66 66 69 6c 69 |le, ME}.|.$Affili|
|00000660| 61 74 69 6f 6e 7b 57 61 | 73 68 69 6e 67 74 6f 6e |ation{Wa|shington|
|00000670| 20 55 6e 69 76 20 53 63 | 68 6f 6f 6c 20 6f 66 20 | Univ Sc|hool of |
|00000680| 4d 65 64 69 63 69 6e 65 | 7d 0d 0a 24 53 75 62 6a |Medicine|}..$Subj|
|00000690| 65 63 74 7b 57 6f 72 64 | 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 |ect{Word| process|
|000006a0| 69 6e 67 20 73 69 6e 67 | 6c 65 2d 2c 20 63 6f 72 |ing sing|le-, cor|
|000006b0| 74 69 63 61 6c 20 61 6e | 61 74 6f 6d 79 20 6f 66 |tical an|atomy of|
|000006c0| 2c 20 50 45 54 20 73 74 | 75 64 69 65 73 20 6f 66 |, PET st|udies of|
|000006d0| 3b 0d 0a 54 6f 6d 6f 67 | 72 61 70 68 79 20 70 6f |;..Tomog|raphy po|
|000006e0| 73 69 74 72 6f 6e 20 65 | 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 |sitron e|mission |
|000006f0| 6f 66 20 63 6f 72 74 69 | 63 61 6c 20 61 6e 61 74 |of corti|cal anat|
|00000700| 6f 6d 79 20 6f 66 20 73 | 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 77 6f |omy of s|ingle-wo|
|00000710| 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 | 73 73 69 6e 67 3b 0d 0a |rd proce|ssing;..|
|00000720| 43 6f 72 74 69 63 61 6c | 20 61 6e 61 74 6f 6d 79 |Cortical| anatomy|
|00000730| 20 6f 66 20 73 69 6e 67 | 6c 65 2d 77 6f 72 64 20 | of sing|le-word |
|00000740| 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 | 6e 67 2c 20 50 45 54 20 |processi|ng, PET |
|00000750| 73 74 75 64 69 65 73 20 | 6f 66 7d 0d 0a 24 4a 6f |studies |of}..$Jo|
|00000760| 75 72 6e 61 6c 7b 4e 61 | 74 75 72 65 7d 0d 0a 24 |urnal{Na|ture}..$|
|00000770| 56 6f 6c 75 6d 65 7b 33 | 33 31 7d 0d 0a 24 50 61 |Volume{3|31}..$Pa|
|00000780| 67 65 7b 35 38 35 2d 35 | 38 39 7d 0d 0a 24 44 61 |ge{585-5|89}..$Da|
|00000790| 74 65 7b 46 65 62 20 31 | 38 2c 20 31 39 38 38 7d |te{Feb 1|8, 1988}|
|000007a0| 0d 0a 24 59 42 56 6f 6c | 7b 31 39 38 39 20 59 65 |..$YBVol|{1989 Ye|
|000007b0| 61 72 20 42 6f 6f 6b 20 | 6f 66 20 50 73 79 63 68 |ar Book |of Psych|
|000007c0| 69 61 74 72 79 20 61 6e | 64 20 61 6e 64 20 41 70 |iatry an|d and Ap|
|000007d0| 70 6c 69 65 64 20 4d 65 | 6e 74 61 6c 20 48 65 61 |plied Me|ntal Hea|
|000007e0| 6c 74 68 7d 0d 0a 24 43 | 68 61 70 74 65 72 7b 31 |lth}..$C|hapter{1|
|000007f0| 2d 31 7d 0d 0a 24 59 42 | 45 64 69 74 6f 72 7b 44 |-1}..$YB|Editor{D|
|00000800| 72 73 2e 20 54 61 6c 62 | 6f 74 74 2c 20 46 72 61 |rs. Talb|ott, Fra|
|00000810| 6e 63 65 73 2c 20 46 72 | 65 65 64 6d 61 6e 2c 20 |nces, Fr|eedman, |
|00000820| 4d 65 6c 74 7a 65 72 2c | 20 53 63 68 6f 77 61 6c |Meltzer,| Schowal|
|00000830| 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 | 20 57 65 69 6e 65 72 7d |ter, and| Weiner}|
|00000840| 0d 0a 24 54 61 62 6c 65 | 7b 7d 0d 0a 24 43 6f 6d |..$Table|{}..$Com|
|00000850| 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 6f 72 | 7b 48 2e 59 2e 4d 65 6c |mentator|{H.Y.Mel|
|00000860| 74 7a 65 72 2c 20 4d 2e | 44 2e 7d 0d 0a 0d 0a 43 |tzer, M.|D.}....C|
|00000870| 6f 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 | 20 28 63 29 20 59 65 61 |opyright| (c) Yea|
|00000880| 72 20 42 6f 6f 6b 20 4d | 65 64 69 63 61 6c 20 50 |r Book M|edical P|
|00000890| 75 62 6c 69 73 68 65 72 | 73 2c 20 49 6e 63 2e 2c |ublisher|s, Inc.,|
|000008a0| 20 31 39 38 39 0d 0a 0d | 0a 31 39 38 39 20 59 65 | 1989...|.1989 Ye|
|000008b0| 61 72 20 42 6f 6f 6b 20 | 6f 66 20 50 73 79 63 68 |ar Book |of Psych|
|000008c0| 69 61 74 72 79 20 61 6e | 64 20 41 70 70 6c 69 65 |iatry an|d Applie|
|000008d0| 64 20 4d 65 6e 74 61 6c | 20 48 65 61 6c 74 68 20 |d Mental| Health |
|000008e0| 28 52 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 43 | 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 31 |(R)....C|hapter 1|
|000008f0| 2d 2d 42 69 6f 6c 6f 67 | 69 63 20 50 73 79 63 68 |--Biolog|ic Psych|
|00000900| 69 61 74 72 79 0d 0a 0d | 0a 53 63 68 69 7a 6f 70 |iatry...|.Schizop|
|00000910| 68 72 65 6e 69 61 20 61 | 6e 64 20 52 65 6c 61 74 |hrenia a|nd Relat|
|00000920| 65 64 20 44 69 73 6f 72 | 64 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a |ed Disor|ders....|
|00000930| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000940| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000950| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000960| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000970| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000980| 0d 0a 50 6f 73 69 74 72 | 6f 6e 20 45 6d 69 73 73 |..Positr|on Emiss|
|00000990| 69 6f 6e 20 54 6f 6d 6f | 67 72 61 70 68 69 63 20 |ion Tomo|graphic |
|000009a0| 53 74 75 64 69 65 73 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 43 |Studies |of the C|
|000009b0| 6f 72 74 69 63 61 6c 20 | 41 6e 61 74 6f 6d 79 20 |ortical |Anatomy |
|000009c0| 6f 66 20 53 69 6e 67 6c | 65 2d 57 6f 72 64 0d 0a |of Singl|e-Word..|
|000009d0| 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 | 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 50 65 |Processi|ng....Pe|
|000009e0| 74 65 72 73 65 6e 20 53 | 45 2c 20 46 6f 78 20 50 |tersen S|E, Fox P|
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|00000a00| 6e 74 75 6e 20 4d 2c 20 | 52 61 69 63 68 6c 65 20 |ntun M, |Raichle |
|00000a10| 4d 45 0d 0a 28 57 61 73 | 68 69 6e 67 74 6f 6e 20 |ME..(Was|hington |
|00000a20| 55 6e 69 76 20 53 63 68 | 6f 6f 6c 20 6f 66 20 4d |Univ Sch|ool of M|
|00000a30| 65 64 69 63 69 6e 65 29 | 0d 0a 4e 61 74 75 72 65 |edicine)|..Nature|
|00000a40| 20 33 33 31 3a 35 38 35 | 2d 35 38 39 2c 20 46 65 | 331:585|-589, Fe|
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|00000a60| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000a70| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000a80| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000a90| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000aa0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 0d 0a |--------|----....|
|00000ab0| 41 62 73 74 72 61 63 74 | 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 |Abstract|.... |
|00000ac0| 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d | 70 6c 65 78 69 74 79 20 | The com|plexity |
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|00000b10| 63 75 73 20 6f 6e 20 70 | 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e |cus on p|rocessin|
|00000b20| 67 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 64 | 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 |g of ind|ividual |
|00000b30| 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 6f | 72 20 6c 65 78 69 63 61 |words, o|r lexica|
|00000b40| 6c 20 69 74 65 6d 73 2e | 20 20 43 6f 67 6e 69 74 |l items.| Cognit|
|00000b50| 69 76 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 | 6c 73 0d 0a 63 6f 6e 73 |ive mode|ls..cons|
|00000b60| 69 64 65 72 20 77 6f 72 | 64 73 20 70 65 72 63 65 |ider wor|ds perce|
|00000b70| 69 76 65 64 20 76 69 73 | 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 6e |ived vis|ually an|
|00000b80| 64 20 61 75 64 69 74 6f | 72 69 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 |d audito|rily to |
|00000b90| 69 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 20 | 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 |involve |separate|
|00000ba0| 0d 0a 6d 6f 64 61 6c 69 | 74 79 2d 73 70 65 63 69 |..modali|ty-speci|
|00000bb0| 66 69 63 20 63 6f 64 65 | 73 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 |fic code|s, with |
|00000bc0| 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 69 | 6e 20 70 61 72 61 6c 6c |access i|n parall|
|00000bd0| 65 6c 20 74 6f 20 73 68 | 61 72 65 64 20 6f 75 74 |el to sh|ared out|
|00000be0| 70 75 74 20 61 6e 64 20 | 6d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 0d |put and |meaning.|
|00000bf0| 0a 63 6f 64 65 73 2e 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 6e 65 75 |.codes. | The neu|
|00000c00| 72 6f 6c 6f 67 69 63 20 | 6d 6f 64 65 6c 20 69 6e |rologic |model in|
|00000c10| 76 6f 6c 76 65 73 20 73 | 65 72 69 61 6c 20 70 72 |volves s|erial pr|
|00000c20| 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 | 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 65 |ocessing|, with e|
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|00000c40| 0d 0a 76 69 73 75 61 6c | 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 69 |..visual| input i|
|00000c50| 6e 74 6f 20 61 6e 20 61 | 75 64 69 74 6f 72 79 2d |nto an a|uditory-|
|00000c60| 62 61 73 65 64 20 63 6f | 64 65 2c 20 77 68 69 63 |based co|de, whic|
|00000c70| 68 20 69 6e 20 74 75 72 | 6e 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 |h in tur|n is use|
|00000c80| 64 20 66 6f 72 20 73 65 | 6d 61 6e 74 69 63 20 61 |d for se|mantic a|
|00000c90| 6e 64 0d 0a 61 72 74 69 | 63 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 79 |nd..arti|culatory|
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|00000cc0| 67 72 61 70 68 79 20 77 | 61 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 |graphy w|as used |
|00000cd0| 74 6f 20 6f 62 73 65 72 | 76 65 0d 0a 6c 6f 63 61 |to obser|ve..loca|
|00000ce0| 6c 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 6f 66 20 64 69 66 66 |lization| of diff|
|00000cf0| 65 72 65 6e 74 20 63 6f | 64 65 73 20 69 6e 20 77 |erent co|des in w|
|00000d00| 69 64 65 6c 79 20 73 65 | 70 61 72 61 74 65 64 20 |idely se|parated |
|00000d10| 72 65 67 69 6f 6e 73 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 |regions |of the c|
|00000d20| 65 72 65 62 72 61 6c 0d | 0a 63 6f 72 74 65 78 2e |erebral.|.cortex.|
|00000d30| 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 43 | 65 72 65 62 72 61 6c 20 |.. C|erebral |
|00000d40| 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 66 6c | 6f 77 20 77 61 73 20 6d |blood fl|ow was m|
|00000d50| 65 61 73 75 72 65 64 20 | 69 6e 20 31 37 20 6e 6f |easured |in 17 no|
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|00002620| 6c 7b 31 39 38 39 20 59 | 65 61 72 20 42 6f 6f 6b |l{1989 Y|ear Book|
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|00002660| 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 7b | 31 2d 33 7d 0d 0a 24 59 |Chapter{|1-3}..$Y|
|00002670| 42 45 64 69 74 6f 72 7b | 44 72 73 2e 20 54 61 6c |BEditor{|Drs. Tal|
|00002680| 62 6f 74 74 2c 20 46 72 | 61 6e 63 65 73 2c 20 46 |bott, Fr|ances, F|
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|00002710| 65 72 73 2c 20 49 6e 63 | 2e 2c 20 31 39 38 39 0d |ers, Inc|., 1989.|
|00002720| 0a 0d 0a 31 39 38 39 20 | 59 65 61 72 20 42 6f 6f |...1989 |Year Boo|
|00002730| 6b 20 6f 66 20 50 73 79 | 63 68 69 61 74 72 79 20 |k of Psy|chiatry |
|00002740| 61 6e 64 20 41 70 70 6c | 69 65 64 20 4d 65 6e 74 |and Appl|ied Ment|
|00002750| 61 6c 20 48 65 61 6c 74 | 68 20 28 52 29 0d 0a 0d |al Healt|h (R)...|
|00002760| 0a 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 | 20 31 2d 2d 42 69 6f 6c |.Chapter| 1--Biol|
|00002770| 6f 67 69 63 20 50 73 79 | 63 68 69 61 74 72 79 0d |ogic Psy|chiatry.|
|00002780| 0a 0d 0a 53 63 68 69 7a | 6f 70 68 72 65 6e 69 61 |...Schiz|ophrenia|
|00002790| 20 61 6e 64 20 52 65 6c | 61 74 65 64 20 44 69 73 | and Rel|ated Dis|
|000027a0| 6f 72 64 65 72 73 0d 0a | 0d 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |orders..|..------|
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|000027f0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 0d 0a 4c 65 66 74 |--------|--..Left|
|00002800| 20 43 65 72 65 62 72 61 | 6c 20 48 65 6d 69 73 70 | Cerebra|l Hemisp|
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|00002820| 20 69 6e 20 44 69 73 63 | 6f 72 64 61 6e 74 20 53 | in Disc|ordant S|
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|00002840| 6e 73 3a 20 20 41 0d 0a | 43 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c |ns: A..|Controll|
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|00002860| 6c 65 79 20 4d 41 2c 20 | 52 65 76 65 6c 65 79 20 |ley MA, |Reveley |
|00002870| 41 4d 2c 20 42 61 6c 64 | 79 20 52 0d 0a 28 49 6e |AM, Bald|y R..(In|
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|00002890| 2c 20 4c 6f 6e 64 6f 6e | 20 48 6f 73 70 20 4d 65 |, London| Hosp Me|
|000028a0| 64 20 43 6f 6c 6c 65 67 | 65 2c 20 4d 61 75 64 73 |d Colleg|e, Mauds|
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|000028d0| 68 69 61 74 72 79 20 34 | 34 3a 36 32 35 2d 36 33 |hiatry 4|4:625-63|
|000028e0| 32 2c 20 4a 75 6c 79 20 | 31 39 38 37 0d 0a 2d 2d |2, July |1987..--|
|000028f0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00002900| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00002910| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00002920| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00002930| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a |--------|------..|
|00002940| 0d 0a 41 62 73 74 72 61 | 63 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 |..Abstra|ct.... |
|00002950| 20 20 20 43 6f 6d 70 75 | 74 65 64 20 74 6f 6d 6f | Compu|ted tomo|
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|00003620| 65 6c 74 7a 65 72 2c 20 | 4d 2e 44 2e 7d 0d 0a 0d |eltzer, |M.D.}...|
|00003630| 0a 43 6f 70 79 72 69 67 | 68 74 20 28 63 29 20 59 |.Copyrig|ht (c) Y|
|00003640| 65 61 72 20 42 6f 6f 6b | 20 4d 65 64 69 63 61 6c |ear Book| Medical|
|00003650| 20 50 75 62 6c 69 73 68 | 65 72 73 2c 20 49 6e 63 | Publish|ers, Inc|
|00003660| 2e 2c 20 31 39 38 39 0d | 0a 0d 0a 31 39 38 39 20 |., 1989.|...1989 |
|00003670| 59 65 61 72 20 42 6f 6f | 6b 20 6f 66 20 50 73 79 |Year Boo|k of Psy|
|00003680| 63 68 69 61 74 72 79 20 | 61 6e 64 20 41 70 70 6c |chiatry |and Appl|
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|000036a0| 68 20 28 52 29 0d 0a 0d | 0a 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 |h (R)...|.Chapter|
|000036b0| 20 31 2d 2d 42 69 6f 6c | 6f 67 69 63 20 50 73 79 | 1--Biol|ogic Psy|
|000036c0| 63 68 69 61 74 72 79 0d | 0a 0d 0a 53 63 68 69 7a |chiatry.|...Schiz|
|000036d0| 6f 70 68 72 65 6e 69 61 | 20 61 6e 64 20 52 65 6c |ophrenia| and Rel|
|000036e0| 61 74 65 64 20 44 69 73 | 6f 72 64 65 72 73 0d 0a |ated Dis|orders..|
|000036f0| 0d 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |..------|--------|
|00003700| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003710| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003720| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003730| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003740| 2d 2d 0d 0a 41 20 52 65 | 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 68 |--..A Re|lationsh|
|00003750| 69 70 20 42 65 74 77 65 | 65 6e 20 41 6e 61 74 6f |ip Betwe|en Anato|
|00003760| 6d 69 63 61 6c 20 61 6e | 64 20 50 68 79 73 69 6f |mical an|d Physio|
|00003770| 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c 20 | 42 72 61 69 6e 20 50 61 |logical |Brain Pa|
|00003780| 74 68 6f 6c 6f 67 79 20 | 69 6e 0d 0a 53 63 68 69 |thology |in..Schi|
|00003790| 7a 6f 70 68 72 65 6e 69 | 61 3a 20 20 4c 61 74 65 |zophreni|a: Late|
|000037a0| 72 61 6c 20 43 65 72 65 | 62 72 61 6c 20 56 65 6e |ral Cere|bral Ven|
|000037b0| 74 72 69 63 75 6c 61 72 | 20 53 69 7a 65 20 50 72 |tricular| Size Pr|
|000037c0| 65 64 69 63 74 73 20 43 | 6f 72 74 69 63 61 6c 20 |edicts C|ortical |
|000037d0| 42 6c 6f 6f 64 20 46 6c | 6f 77 0d 0a 0d 0a 42 65 |Blood Fl|ow....Be|
|000037e0| 72 6d 61 6e 20 4b 46 2c | 20 57 65 69 6e 62 65 72 |rman KF,| Weinber|
|000037f0| 67 65 72 20 44 52 2c 20 | 53 68 65 6c 74 6f 6e 20 |ger DR, |Shelton |
|00003800| 52 43 2c 20 5a 65 63 20 | 52 46 0d 0a 28 4e 61 74 |RC, Zec |RF..(Nat|
|00003810| 6c 20 49 6e 73 74 20 6f | 66 20 4d 65 6e 74 61 6c |l Inst o|f Mental|
|00003820| 20 48 65 61 6c 74 68 29 | 0d 0a 41 6d 20 4a 20 50 | Health)|..Am J P|
|00003830| 73 79 63 68 69 61 74 72 | 79 20 31 34 34 3a 31 32 |sychiatr|y 144:12|
|00003840| 37 37 2d 31 32 38 32 2c | 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 72 |77-1282,| October|
|00003850| 20 31 39 38 37 0d 0a 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 1987..-|--------|
|00003860| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003870| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003880| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00003890| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000038a0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d | 0a 0d 0a 41 62 73 74 72 |-------.|...Abstr|
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|000043d0| 65 2e 2d 2d 48 2e 59 2e | 20 4d 65 6c 74 7a 65 72 |e.--H.Y.| Meltzer|
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|00004490| 41 75 74 68 6f 72 7b 0d | 0a 4b 65 6d 61 6c 69 2c |Author{.|.Kemali,|
|000044a0| 20 44 0d 0a 4d 61 6a 2c | 20 4d 0d 0a 47 61 6c 64 | D..Maj,| M..Gald|
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|000044d0| 0d 0a 56 61 6c 65 6e 74 | 65 2c 20 41 0d 0a 50 69 |..Valent|e, A..Pi|
|000044e0| 72 6f 7a 7a 69 2c 20 52 | 7d 0d 0a 24 41 66 66 69 |rozzi, R|}..$Affi|
|000044f0| 6c 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 7b | 55 6e 69 76 20 6f 66 20 |liation{|Univ of |
|00004500| 4e 61 70 6c 65 73 2c 20 | 49 74 61 6c 79 7d 0d 0a |Naples, |Italy}..|
|00004510| 24 53 75 62 6a 65 63 74 | 7b 56 65 6e 74 72 69 63 |$Subject|{Ventric|
|00004520| 6c 65 20 6c 61 74 65 72 | 61 6c 20 65 6e 6c 61 72 |le later|al enlar|
|00004530| 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 | 6e 20 73 63 68 69 7a 6f |gement i|n schizo|
|00004540| 70 68 72 65 6e 69 61 3b | 0d 0a 53 63 68 69 7a 6f |phrenia;|..Schizo|
|00004550| 70 68 72 65 6e 69 61 20 | 76 65 6e 74 72 69 63 75 |phrenia |ventricu|
|00004560| 6c 61 72 20 65 6e 6c 61 | 72 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 |lar enla|rgement |
|00004570| 69 6e 2c 20 6c 61 74 65 | 72 61 6c 3b 0d 0a 4e 65 |in, late|ral;..Ne|
|00004580| 75 72 6f 70 73 79 63 68 | 6f 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c |uropsych|ological|
|00004590| 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 | 73 20 61 73 73 6f 63 69 | feature|s associ|
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|000045b0| 6c 20 76 65 6e 74 72 69 | 63 75 6c 61 72 20 65 6e |l ventri|cular en|
|000045c0| 6c 61 72 67 65 6d 65 6e | 74 20 69 6e 20 73 63 68 |largemen|t in sch|
|000045d0| 69 7a 6f 70 68 72 65 6e | 69 61 7d 0d 0a 24 4a 6f |izophren|ia}..$Jo|
|000045e0| 75 72 6e 61 6c 7b 50 73 | 79 63 68 69 61 74 72 79 |urnal{Ps|ychiatry|
|000045f0| 20 52 65 73 7d 0d 0a 24 | 56 6f 6c 75 6d 65 7b 32 | Res}..$|Volume{2|
|00004600| 31 7d 0d 0a 24 50 61 67 | 65 7b 31 33 37 2d 31 34 |1}..$Pag|e{137-14|
|00004610| 39 7d 0d 0a 24 44 61 74 | 65 7b 4a 75 6e 65 20 31 |9}..$Dat|e{June 1|
|00004620| 39 38 37 7d 0d 0a 24 59 | 42 56 6f 6c 7b 31 39 38 |987}..$Y|BVol{198|
|00004630| 39 20 59 65 61 72 20 42 | 6f 6f 6b 20 6f 66 20 50 |9 Year B|ook of P|
|00004640| 73 79 63 68 69 61 74 72 | 79 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6e |sychiatr|y and an|
|00004650| 64 20 41 70 70 6c 69 65 | 64 20 4d 65 6e 74 61 6c |d Applie|d Mental|
|00004660| 20 48 65 61 6c 74 68 7d | 0d 0a 24 43 68 61 70 74 | Health}|..$Chapt|
|00004670| 65 72 7b 31 2d 35 7d 0d | 0a 24 59 42 45 64 69 74 |er{1-5}.|.$YBEdit|
|00004680| 6f 72 7b 44 72 73 2e 20 | 54 61 6c 62 6f 74 74 2c |or{Drs. |Talbott,|
|00004690| 20 46 72 61 6e 63 65 73 | 2c 20 46 72 65 65 64 6d | Frances|, Freedm|
|000046a0| 61 6e 2c 20 4d 65 6c 74 | 7a 65 72 2c 20 53 63 68 |an, Melt|zer, Sch|
|000046b0| 6f 77 61 6c 74 65 72 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 57 65 69 |owalter,| and Wei|
|000046c0| 6e 65 72 7d 0d 0a 24 54 | 61 62 6c 65 7b 7d 0d 0a |ner}..$T|able{}..|
|000046d0| 24 43 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 | 61 74 6f 72 7b 48 2e 59 |$Comment|ator{H.Y|
|000046e0| 2e 20 4d 65 6c 74 7a 65 | 72 2c 20 4d 2e 44 2e 7d |. Meltze|r, M.D.}|
|000046f0| 0d 0a 0d 0a 43 6f 70 79 | 72 69 67 68 74 20 28 63 |....Copy|right (c|
|00004700| 29 20 59 65 61 72 20 42 | 6f 6f 6b 20 4d 65 64 69 |) Year B|ook Medi|
|00004710| 63 61 6c 20 50 75 62 6c | 69 73 68 65 72 73 2c 20 |cal Publ|ishers, |
|00004720| 49 6e 63 2e 2c 20 31 39 | 38 39 0d 0a 0d 0a 31 39 |Inc., 19|89....19|
|00004730| 38 39 20 59 65 61 72 20 | 42 6f 6f 6b 20 6f 66 20 |89 Year |Book of |
|00004740| 50 73 79 63 68 69 61 74 | 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 41 |Psychiat|ry and A|
|00004750| 70 70 6c 69 65 64 20 4d | 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 48 65 |pplied M|ental He|
|00004760| 61 6c 74 68 20 28 52 29 | 0d 0a 0d 0a 43 68 61 70 |alth (R)|....Chap|
|00004770| 74 65 72 20 31 2d 2d 42 | 69 6f 6c 6f 67 69 63 20 |ter 1--B|iologic |
|00004780| 50 73 79 63 68 69 61 74 | 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 53 63 |Psychiat|ry....Sc|
|00004790| 68 69 7a 6f 70 68 72 65 | 6e 69 61 20 61 6e 64 20 |hizophre|nia and |
|000047a0| 52 65 6c 61 74 65 64 20 | 44 69 73 6f 72 64 65 72 |Related |Disorder|
|000047b0| 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |s....---|--------|
|000047c0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000047d0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000047e0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000047f0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00004800| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 43 | 6c 69 6e 69 63 61 6c 2c |-----..C|linical,|
|00004810| 20 42 69 6f 6c 6f 67 69 | 63 61 6c 2c 20 61 6e 64 | Biologi|cal, and|
|00004820| 20 4e 65 75 72 6f 70 73 | 79 63 68 6f 6c 6f 67 69 | Neurops|ychologi|
|00004830| 63 61 6c 20 46 65 61 74 | 75 72 65 73 20 41 73 73 |cal Feat|ures Ass|
|00004840| 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 | 57 69 74 68 20 4c 61 74 |ociated |With Lat|
|00004850| 65 72 61 6c 0d 0a 56 65 | 6e 74 72 69 63 75 6c 61 |eral..Ve|ntricula|
|00004860| 72 20 45 6e 6c 61 72 67 | 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 6e |r Enlarg|ement in|
|00004870| 20 44 53 4d 2d 49 49 49 | 20 53 63 68 69 7a 6f 70 | DSM-III| Schizop|
|00004880| 68 72 65 6e 69 63 20 44 | 69 73 6f 72 64 65 72 0d |hrenic D|isorder.|
|00004890| 0a 0d 0a 4b 65 6d 61 6c | 69 20 44 2c 20 4d 61 6a |...Kemal|i D, Maj|
|000048a0| 20 4d 2c 20 47 61 6c 64 | 65 72 69 73 69 20 53 2c | M, Gald|erisi S,|
|000048b0| 20 53 61 6c 76 61 74 69 | 20 41 2c 20 53 74 61 72 | Salvati| A, Star|
|000048c0| 61 63 65 20 46 2c 20 56 | 61 6c 65 6e 74 65 20 41 |ace F, V|alente A|
|000048d0| 2c 20 50 69 72 6f 7a 7a | 69 20 52 0d 0a 28 55 6e |, Pirozz|i R..(Un|
|000048e0| 69 76 20 6f 66 20 4e 61 | 70 6c 65 73 2c 20 49 74 |iv of Na|ples, It|
|000048f0| 61 6c 79 29 0d 0a 50 73 | 79 63 68 69 61 74 72 79 |aly)..Ps|ychiatry|
|00004900| 20 52 65 73 20 32 31 3a | 31 33 37 2d 31 34 39 2c | Res 21:|137-149,|
|00004910| 20 4a 75 6e 65 20 31 39 | 38 37 0d 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d | June 19|87..----|
|00004920| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00004930| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00004940| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00004950| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00004960| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 0d 0a |--------|----....|
|00004970| 41 62 73 74 72 61 63 74 | 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 |Abstract|.... |
|00004980| 20 44 75 72 69 6e 67 20 | 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 74 | During |the past|
|00004990| 20 31 30 20 79 65 61 72 | 73 2c 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 | 10 year|s, compu|
|000049a0| 74 65 64 20 74 6f 6d 6f | 67 72 61 70 68 79 20 28 |ted tomo|graphy (|
|000049b0| 43 54 29 20 6f 66 20 73 | 63 68 69 7a 6f 70 68 72 |CT) of s|chizophr|
|000049c0| 65 6e 69 63 0d 0a 70 61 | 74 69 65 6e 74 73 20 68 |enic..pa|tients h|
|000049d0| 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 | 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |as been |used to |
|000049e0| 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 79 | 20 61 20 73 75 62 73 65 |identify| a subse|
|000049f0| 74 20 6f 66 20 70 61 74 | 69 65 6e 74 73 20 77 69 |t of pat|ients wi|
|00004a00| 74 68 20 65 6e 6c 61 72 | 67 65 64 20 6c 61 74 65 |th enlar|ged late|
|00004a10| 72 61 6c 0d 0a 76 65 6e | 74 72 69 63 6c 65 73 2e |ral..ven|tricles.|
|00004a20| 20 20 45 6e 6c 61 72 67 | 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 | Enlarg|ement of|
|00004a30| 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 74 | 65 72 61 6c 20 76 65 6e | the lat|eral ven|
|00004a40| 74 72 69 63 6c 65 20 68 | 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 |tricle h|as been |
|00004a50| 61 73 73 6f 63 69 61 74 | 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 |associat|ed with |
|00004a60| 74 68 65 0d 0a 61 62 73 | 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 |the..abs|ence of |
|00004a70| 61 20 66 61 6d 69 6c 79 | 20 68 69 73 74 6f 72 79 |a family| history|
|00004a80| 20 6f 66 20 73 63 68 69 | 7a 6f 70 68 72 65 6e 69 | of schi|zophreni|
|00004a90| 61 2c 20 61 20 68 69 73 | 74 6f 72 79 20 6f 66 20 |a, a his|tory of |
|00004aa0| 70 65 72 69 6e 61 74 61 | 6c 0d 0a 63 6f 6d 70 6c |perinata|l..compl|
|00004ab0| 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 2c 20 70 6f 6f 72 20 70 |ications|, poor p|
|00004ac0| 72 65 6d 6f 72 62 69 64 | 20 61 64 6a 75 73 74 6d |remorbid| adjustm|
|00004ad0| 65 6e 74 2c 20 6c 6f 6e | 67 20 64 75 72 61 74 69 |ent, lon|g durati|
|00004ae0| 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 69 6c | 6c 6e 65 73 73 2c 20 61 |on of il|lness, a|
|00004af0| 6e 64 0d 0a 69 6e 63 72 | 65 61 73 65 64 20 73 65 |nd..incr|eased se|
|00004b00| 72 6f 74 6f 6e 69 6e 20 | 61 6e 64 20 6d 6f 6e 6f |rotonin |and mono|
|00004b10| 61 6d 69 6e 65 20 6f 78 | 69 64 61 73 65 20 28 4d |amine ox|idase (M|
|00004b20| 41 4f 29 20 61 63 74 69 | 76 69 74 79 2e 20 20 48 |AO) acti|vity. H|
|00004b30| 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 | 6e 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 0d |owever, |none of.|
|00004b40| 0a 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 | 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 73 20 |.these f|indings |
|00004b50| 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 | 6e 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 |have bee|n consis|
|00004b60| 74 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 72 | 65 70 6c 69 63 61 74 65 |tently r|eplicate|
|00004b70| 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 68 65 20 61 73 73 6f 63 |d, and t|he assoc|
|00004b80| 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 | 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 0d 0a |iations |remain..|
|00004b90| 75 6e 63 65 72 74 61 69 | 6e 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 |uncertai|n. The |
|00004ba0| 70 75 72 70 6f 73 65 73 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 |purposes| of this|
|00004bb0| 20 73 74 75 64 79 20 77 | 65 72 65 20 74 6f 20 61 | study w|ere to a|
|00004bc0| 73 73 65 73 73 20 73 69 | 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f |ssess si|multaneo|
|00004bd0| 75 73 6c 79 20 73 65 76 | 65 72 61 6c 0d 0a 63 6c |usly sev|eral..cl|
|00004be0| 69 6e 69 63 61 6c 2c 20 | 68 69 73 74 6f 72 69 63 |inical, |historic|
|00004bf0| 61 6c 2c 20 6e 65 75 72 | 6f 70 73 79 63 68 6f 6c |al, neur|opsychol|
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|00004c10| 69 63 20 76 61 72 69 61 | 62 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 |ic varia|bles in |
|00004c20| 61 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 | 6f 66 20 35 30 0d 0a 70 |a group |of 50..p|
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|00004c80| 70 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 | 6e 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 |p betwee|n these |
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|00004cc0| 6d 70 75 74 65 64 20 74 | 6f 6d 6f 67 72 61 70 68 |mputed t|omograph|
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|00004ce0| 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 65 | 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 32 |performe|d with 2|
|00004cf0| 36 20 69 6e 70 61 74 69 | 65 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 |6 inpati|ents and|
|00004d00| 20 32 34 0d 0a 6f 75 74 | 70 61 74 69 65 6e 74 73 | 24..out|patients|
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|00004d20| 77 6f 6d 65 6e 2c 20 61 | 67 65 64 20 31 36 2d 33 |women, a|ged 16-3|
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|00004e60| 20 62 79 20 69 6e 64 65 | 70 65 6e 64 65 6e 74 20 | by inde|pendent |
|00004e70| 72 65 73 65 61 72 63 68 | 65 72 73 20 77 68 6f 20 |research|ers who |
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|00004f70| 69 6d 70 61 69 72 6d 65 | 6e 74 20 73 63 61 6c 65 |impairme|nt scale|
|00004f80| 73 2e 0d 0a 46 75 72 74 | 68 65 72 6d 6f 72 65 2c |s...Furt|hermore,|
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